This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Occupational Therapy and Vocational Rehabilitation (36) mHealth for Rehabilitation (234) Usability of Apps and User Perceptions of mHealth (899) Portable and Mobile Technologies for Rehabilitation (142)

Published on in Vol 7, No 1 (2020): Jan-Jun

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/14465, first published .
A Mobile App Directory of Occupational Therapists Who Provide Home Modifications: Development and Preliminary Usability Evaluation

A Mobile App Directory of Occupational Therapists Who Provide Home Modifications: Development and Preliminary Usability Evaluation

A Mobile App Directory of Occupational Therapists Who Provide Home Modifications: Development and Preliminary Usability Evaluation

Authors of this article:

An Thi Nguyen1 Author Orcid Image ;   Emily Kling Somerville1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sandra Martina Espín-Tello1 Author Orcid Image ;   Marian Keglovits1 Author Orcid Image ;   Susan Lynn Stark1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (4) Tweetations (4) Metrics

    Original Paper

    Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States

    Corresponding Author:

    An Thi Nguyen, OTD, OTR/L

    Program in Occupational Therapy

    Washington University School of Medicine

    4444 Forest Park Avenue, CB 8505

    St. Louis, MO, 63110

    United States

    Phone: 1 2062443126

    Email: an.nguyen@wustl.edu


    Background: Home modifications provided by occupational therapists (OTs) are effective in improving daily activity performance and reducing fall risk among community-dwelling older adults. However, the prevalence of home modification is low. One reason is the lack of a centralized database of OTs who provide home modifications.

    Objective: This study aimed to develop and test the usability of a mobile app directory of OTs who provide home modifications in the United States.

    Methods: In phase 1, a prototype was developed by identifying OTs who provide home modifications through keyword Web searches. Referral information was confirmed by phone or email. In phase 2, community-dwelling older adults aged older than 65 years and OTs currently working in the United States were purposefully recruited to participate in a single usability test of the mobile app, Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals (Home Maddirs). Participants completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) and semistructured interview questions. Interview data were coded, and themes were derived using a grounded theory approach.

    Results: In phase 1, referral information for 101 OTs across 49 states was confirmed. In phase 2, 6 OTs (mean clinical experience 4.3 years, SD 1.6 years) and 6 older adults (mean age 72.8 years, SD 5.0 years) participated. The mean SUS score for OTs was 91.7 (SD 8.0; out of 100), indicating good usability. The mean SUS score for older adults was 71.7 (SD 27.1), indicating considerable variability in usability. In addition, the SUS scores indicated that the app is acceptable to OTs and may be acceptable to some older adults. For OTs, self-reported barriers to acceptability and usability included the need for more information on the scope of referral services. For older adults, barriers included high cognitive load, lack of operational skills, and the need to accommodate sensory changes. For both groups, facilitators of acceptability and usability included perceived usefulness, social support, and multiple options to access information.

    Conclusions: Home Maddirs demonstrates good preliminary acceptability and usability to OTs. Older adults’ perceptions regarding acceptability and usability varied considerably, partly based on prior experience using mobile apps. Results will be used to make improvements to this promising new tool for increasing older adults’ access to home modifications.

    JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2020;7(1):e14465

    doi:10.2196/14465

    Keywords

    mHealth; mobile app; occupational therapist; occupational therapy; older adult; user-computer interface 


    Background

    Difficulties performing activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing, dressing, or toileting, place older adults at increased risk for adverse outcomes, including poorer health and frailty, premature institutionalization, and mortality [1-4]. Approximately 30% of community-dwelling older adults have difficulty performing one or more ADLs [5,6]. With the number of Americans aged older than 65 years projected to rise from 49 million to 98 million between 2016 and 2060, the number of older adults living with ADL limitations is expected to surge [7]. Accordingly, Healthy People 2020 outlined an urgent goal to reduce the adverse outcomes of daily activity limitations among older adults as a national health priority [8].

    Evidence-based home modifications delivered by occupational therapists (OTs) are an effective intervention to improve older adult’s safety and independence when performing ADLs [9-16]. The goal of home modifications is to reduce environmental barriers in an older adult’s home to match declining physiological competencies associated with increasing age and medical conditions. Home modification interventions may include training older adults and caregivers to use compensatory strategies and adaptive equipment to facilitate safer performance and increased independence in ADLs [9,11]. Home modifications may also include recommendations for major structural changes to a home (eg, addition of grab bars or a curbless shower) and the removal of environmental hazards to reduce the risk of falls and prevent serious resulting injuries [17]. OTs are essential to evidence-based evaluation and delivery of home modifications because they possess the biomedical and psychosocial knowledge, skills, and training to accurately assess an older person’s physiological competencies (eg, cognitive, motor, and sensory functions), evaluate social and physical environmental barriers impeding ADL performance, identify home modifications that reduce the mismatch between personal competencies and environmental demands, train older adults and caregivers in the correct and safe use of home modifications, and assess intervention outcomes to ensure ADL limitations have been reduced [18]. In the United States, home modifications and the accompanying services provided by OTs are often privately funded, although grant funding may be available from state or local governments, public programs, or nonprofit organizations to help cover the cost of home modifications for low-income individuals [19].

    However, many older adults continue to lack access to evidence-based home modifications, in part, because of the lack of information on OTs who provide home modifications [19-22]. Older adults, family members, caregivers, social service coordinators, and health care professionals may lack awareness of locally available OTs who can provide home modifications to help facilitate an older adult’s safe return home after hospital discharge or to promote aging in place [22]. This lack of information may delay and even preclude the delivery of home modifications when they are needed most to improve safety and independence in ADL performance and reduce the risk of long-term adverse health outcomes for older adults [12,19,22-24]. Directories of resources for home modifications exist, including the National Directory of Home Modification and Repair Resources and Eldercare Locator [25,26]. Existing directories, however, lack comprehensive referral information on OTs who deliver home modifications as part of their database of resources. Therefore, there is a need to develop a centralized, publicly accessible database of information on OTs who provide home modifications to increase intervention access, improve care coordination, and reduce care delivery delays for older adults who are discharged from health care facilities back to independent living and for those seeking to maintain independent living or age in place.

    Objectives

    To address this challenge, this study sought to develop a mobile app as a centralized database containing referral information for OTs in the United States who provide home modifications and to preliminarily evaluate its acceptability and usability for OTs and older adults. In this paper, we present the methods and results of developing a prototype of the mobile app (phase 1) and usability testing to inform iterative improvements to the prototype (phase 2). The objective of the mobile app, named Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals (Home Maddirs), is to aid older adults, family members, caregivers, social service coordinators, and health care providers in identifying local OTs who provide home modifications. We hypothesized that the mobile directory would be acceptable and usable to OTs and community-dwelling older adults.


    Phase 1: Prototype Development

    A previously published protocol for health-related directory development was adapted to develop a prototype of the mobile app [27]. To identify OTs for inclusion in the directory, keyword Web searches were conducted between October 2018 and March 2019 using Web search engines (Google and LinkedIn) for the following terms, where all 50 US states and Puerto Rico were included as search terms: (“home modification” OR “home assessment”) AND “occupational therapist” AND “[state/territory].”

    For each search query, the first author (AN) reviewed the top 300 search results or the maximum number of search results returned, whichever was first reached, to identify OTs who provided home modifications for inclusion in the directory. Snowball sampling was used to identify additional OTs by soliciting referrals from (1) OTs previously identified through Web searches; (2) responses to posts on Web community forums belonging to the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Home & Community Special Interest Section and the Home Modification Occupational Therapy Alliance (HMOTA); and (3) cross-referencing two other existing resource databases related to home modifications, the National Directory of Home Modification and Repair Resources and Eldercare Locator [25,26].

    Current clinical practice guidelines and a clinical reasoning guideline for the delivery of home modifications by OTs were used to define basic data fields and build search filters into the mobile app [28,29]. Basic data fields for referral sources included organization or business name, address, telephone number, email, website, specific populations served (eg, children and older adults), home modification services provided (eg, home evaluation, consultation, construction, project management, and caregiver training), payment methods or insurances accepted, and languages available for service provision. The names of businesses or organizations were incorporated, instead of the names of individual providers, to improve sustainability by reducing the impact of provider turnover. A built-in form to collect submissions from app users for new database entries and updates to current entries was also added to facilitate future updates to the directory. Information for each data field was initially retrieved from publicly available information online. Referral information was confirmed by self-report over email or phone call with each therapist.

    Phase 2: Usability Testing

    Participants

    To evaluate the preliminary acceptability and usability of the mobile app, usability tests were conducted with community-dwelling older adults and OTs as targeted end user groups. Older adults (n=6) and OTs (n=6) were recruited by purposeful sampling from a list of local contacts obtained from clinical research coordinators at the Participation, Environment and Performance Laboratory and the Community Practice Clinic at the Washington University School of Medicine (St Louis, Missouri, USA). A sample size of 8 to 10 is recommended to detect 80% of usability problems [30].

    Inclusion Criteria

    Community-dwelling older adults were recruited if they (1) were aged 65 years or older, (2) could speak English, (3) could live independently in a noninstitutionalized setting, and (4) self-reported no health concerns about using a mobile app other than lack of experience. OTs were included if they (1) could speak English and (2) currently worked as a licensed OT in the United States (part time, full time, per diem, or self-employed).

    Exclusion Criteria

    OTs not currently working were excluded to retrieve feedback regarding app acceptability and usability informed by current clinical practice experience.

    Usability Testing Procedures

    The authors asked the institutional review board (IRB) at the Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis to review all study procedures, and the IRB verified that the study qualified for IRB exemption as a quality improvement initiative (IRB study ID number: 201901022). Participants were screened by phone or email to assess eligibility and coordinate attendance at a single usability testing session. Older adults and OTs participated individually in a single, 45-min test session. All usability tests were performed in a naturalistic setting [31]. Older adults were visited in their home, whereas OTs were visited in their clinical workplace setting to conduct all testing procedures. This approach eliminated the need for older adults to access transportation (supporting inclusive recruitment of older adults with a wider range of physical capabilities and socioeconomic backgrounds) and accommodated clinicians’ busy work schedules.

    Verbal consent was obtained from all participants at the start of each session after explaining its purpose and structure. A script was read aloud to describe the general purpose of the mobile app, but no further instructions were provided on how to use the app. Participants were instructed to perform a set of five task scenarios using the app on a mobile tablet device (Apple iPad 4). Tasks scenarios consisted of representative tasks expected to be typically performed by end users. These tasks were to (1) identify the name of the OT nearest to your current location who provides home modifications, (2) identify the name of the home modification funding source nearest to your current location, (3) search for the list of all OTs within 200 miles of your current location who provide home modifications, (4) search for the list of all home modification funding sources within your state, and (5) search for the list of all home modification funding sources for people with low income in your state. In addition to identifying OTs, referral information for funding sources to receive financial assistance for home modifications was also incorporated into the directory and was tested in tandem during usability testing. Instructions for each task were provided orally and in writing.

    A concurrent think-aloud protocol was used to obtain insights into usability problems that participants experienced [30,32-34]. Participants were instructed to simultaneously verbalize their mental thought processes as they performed each task scenario. The test administrator (AN) was not allowed to provide assistance during tasks and was only allowed to use one of the two probes during the test session: (1) “Keep talking” after 15 seconds of silence to encourage participants to continue verbalizing their thoughts and (2) “Um-hum,” “oh,” or “okay,” to affirm active listening [34]. The maximum amount of time allowed for each task scenario was 5 min, after which the participant was instructed to move on to the next task.

    Outcome Measures

    A mixed method approach was used to assess primary outcomes of acceptability and usability of Home Maddirs with the following outcome measures: (1) task accuracy (the rate of successful task completion calculated as the number of tasks completed successfully divided by the total number of tasks undertaken × 100), (2) task efficiency (time to complete each task in seconds, starting from the time the participant finishes receiving instructions to the time they found their answer and finished reviewing it), (3) error rate (number of errors per task, where errors are defined as unintended actions, such as miss clicks), (4) types of errors (qualitative descriptions of errors), and (5) perceived task difficulty (immediately after each task scenario, participants were asked, “Overall, how difficult or easy did you find this task?”; they responded using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1=very difficult to 7=very easy) [35].

    System Usability Scale

    The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a valid and reliable 10-item questionnaire that has been used extensively to evaluate the usability of a wide range of technologies, systems, and services, including mobile apps [36]. The SUS was further selected as a usability measure because of the ease with which participants would be able to understand its questions in the context of the study’s usability testing scenarios. Questions on the SUS are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree, and summed to generate a total usability score. Total usability scores on the SUS range from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate greater acceptability and usability (ie, greater ease of use, ease of learning to use, and self-confidence in using the mobile app). SUS scores below 70 indicate a mobile app considered to be unacceptable by respondents, whereas scores above 70 indicate good acceptability and usability, and scores above 90 indicate excellent usability [36,37].

    Qualitative Interview Data

    Older adults’ and OTs’ subjective evaluations of acceptability and usability of the mobile app were collected through responses to open-ended interview questions. A semistructured interview guide was developed by the research team to obtain qualitative feedback on barriers and facilitators to acceptability and usability. Interview questions included (1) “What made it easy or difficult for you to use the app?,” (2) “What did you like or dislike about the app design?,” and (3) “What could be changed to make it easier for you to use the app?.” OTs were additionally asked questions to probe for barriers and facilitators to adoption of the mobile app in their clinical practice setting. These questions included (1) “Could you foresee yourself or others using the app in your practice setting?,” (2) “What difficulties do you foresee with using the app in your practice setting?,” and (3) “What would make it easier for professionals to use the app in your practice setting?.”

    Demographics

    Older adults self-reported their age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, and education. OTs self-reported their age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, current clinical practice setting, and years of clinical work experience. Both older adults and OTs were asked to rate their prior extent of mobile app usage measured using three items adapted from the smartphone usage subscale of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale and on a 6-point scale with the following question: “In the last month, how much time did you spend using mobile apps?,” which was rated from 1=less than 1 hour, 2=1 to 2 hours, 3=2 to 4 hours, 4=4 to 6 hours, 5=6 to 10 hours, to 6=more than 10 hours [38,39].

    Data Analysis

    All usability test sessions were audiotaped, and mobile device screens were screen recorded throughout testing. All data were deidentified before storage and analysis. Descriptive statistics of participant demographics and quantitative measures of acceptability and usability were calculated using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM, New York, USA). Qualitative interview responses were transcribed verbatim. The first author (AN) coded all qualitative interview data using content coding analysis. A constant comparative method based on the grounded theory approach was used so that interview transcripts were continually reevaluated for themes emerging from consistencies and differences in coded terms [40-44]. Themes were clustered into categories of barriers and facilitators to acceptability and usability. Categories, themes, and their associated codes were developed and documented using NVivo version 12.0 (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia). Member checking was used to enhance the trustworthiness of findings, whereby themes were shared with participants by phone or email for respondent validation [45,46].


    Phase 1: Prototype Development

    In total, 148 prospective directory entries were identified from keyword Web searches, responses to online community forum posts, and snowball sampling. Of these, 118 prospective entries responded to outreach by email or phone (80% response rate). Referral information for 101 OTs was confirmed and incorporated into the mobile directory. Reasons for which prospective entries responded but were not included in the directory were as follows: seven organizations that employ OTs who do not provide home modifications, five organizations that do not employ OTs (eg, they were solely home builders), 4 OTs who had retired from providing home modifications, and 1 OT who had not yet started providing home modifications but was planning to do so in the near future.

    The app uses geolocation services on a mobile device to curate referral information based on geographic distance from the app user and other relevant decision-making factors selected, such as insurance or payment methods accepted, patient populations served, and the scope of home modification services provided. Figure 1 shows an example of how an OT’s provider information is displayed as an entry in the directory, which includes their business name, business address, business telephone number, business email, business website, specific patient populations served (eg, children, adults, or older adults), insurances accepted, home modification services provided (eg, consultation, home evaluation, coordination of contractors, and follow-up on contractors’ work), languages in which services are provided, and distance from the location of the mobile device to the provider’s address.

    ‎
    Figure 1. Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals user interface displaying a single directory entry.
    View this figure

    Phase 2: Usability Testing

    Demographics

    Demographics of OTs and older adults who participated in usability testing are shown in Table 1. OTs reported currently working in a wide range of clinical practice settings, including acute care (n=1), inpatient rehabilitation (n=2), outpatient/community practice clinic (n=2), and private practice specifically providing home modifications (n=1). Therapists’ mean clinical experience was 4.3 (SD 1.6) years. Participants’ prior extent of mobile app usage is shown in Table 2.

    Table 1. Demographics of participants who participated in usability testing.
    CharacteristicOccupational therapists (n=6)Older adults (n=6)
    Age (years)

    		Mean (SD)35.7 (9.8)72.8 (5.0)

    		Range28-5467-81
    Gender, n (%)

    		Female6 (100)6 (100)
    Race, n (%)

    		White6 (100)1 (17)

    		African American0 (0)5 (83)
    Education, n (%)

    		High school/general educational development0 (0)1 (17)

    		Some college0 (0)2 (33)

    		College degree6 (100)3 (50)
    Marital status, n (%)

    		MarriedN/Aa1 (17)

    		SingleN/A3 (50)

    		WidowedN/A2 (33)

    aN/A: not applicable.

    Table 2. Participants’ extent of prior mobile app usage.
    Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale questionaOccupational therapists (n=6)Older adults (n=6)
    How often do you search for information on a mobile phone/tablet, n

    		Never03

    		Several times a week02

    		Several times a day40

    		Once an hour10

    		All the time11
    How often do you get directions or use GPS on a mobile phone/tablet, n

    		Never02

    		Once a month03

    		Several times a month01

    		Once a week10

    		Several times a week30

    		All the time20
    How often do you use apps for any purpose on a mobile phone/tablet, n

    		Never02

    		Once a week01

    		Several times a week01

    		Once a day01

    		Several times a day30

    		Several times an hour10

    		All the time21
    In the last month, how much time did you spend using apps for any purpose on a mobile phone/tablet, n

    		<1 hour13

    		2-4 hours01

    		4-6 hours02

    		>10 hours50

    aAll response categories for each question are not listed; only those that received at least one participant response are listed.

    Quantitative Outcomes

    Quantitative usability metrics are shown in Table 3. Percent task completion ranged from 0% to 100% for older adults. Specifically, 2 older adults were unable to successfully complete any task scenarios—one consistently took longer than the allowed 5 min per task, whereas the other attempted but gave up early on tasks citing that it was too difficult. Compared with other older adult participants, these 2 older adults were observed to be older and had less prior experience using mobile apps. Their data were excluded from the calculation of older adult’s average task efficiency but included in all other usability measures.

    Table 3. Quantitative usability metrics.
    MeasureOccupational therapists (n=6), mean (SD)Older adults (n=6), mean (SD)
    System Usability Scale score91.7 (8.0)71.7 (27.1)
    Percent task completion93 (16)60 (49)
    Average task efficiencya (seconds per task)40.7 (32.2)97.5 (57.4)
    Average error rate (errors per task)0.7 (0.5)1.9 (1.9)
    Average task perceived difficulty (1=very difficult and 7=very easy)6.6 (0.4)4.6 (2.2)

    aExcludes instances of task scenarios that were not completed successfully.

    Qualitative Outcomes

    Qualitative themes derived from screen recordings and interview transcripts are summarized in Table 4.

    Error Types

    Errors experienced by both OTs and older adults included miss clicks on various app features and the addition of search filters that overly limited search results (eg, selecting to filter by both the state and the geographical distance from the user when asked to search for all resources in one’s state). Older adults additionally experienced more frequent and diverse types of errors, including difficulty understanding how to initiate the search function, difficulty accurately interpreting the meaning of search results (eg, not knowing which search result was geographically closest to them despite distances being labeled), difficulty scrolling on a touch screen device, and difficulty remaining oriented while scrolling or navigating between views within the app.

    Table 4. Qualitative themes of errors, barriers, and facilitators of acceptability and usability.
    CategoryOccupational therapistsOlder adults
    Error types
    • Miss clicks within app
      • ‎
    • Extra search filters added to search query
      • ‎
    • Miss clicks within app
      • ‎
    • Extra search filters added to search query
      • ‎
    • Difficulty initiating search function
      • ‎
    • Difficulty interpreting search results
      • ‎
    • Difficulty scrolling using touch screen
      • ‎
    • Difficulty navigating between views within the app
      • ‎
    Barriers to acceptability and usability
    • Need for more information on scope of referral services
      • ‎
    • High cognitive load of user interface
      • ‎
    • Need to reduce jargon
      • ‎
    • Lack of operational skills
      • ‎
    • Need to accommodate age-related sensory changes
      • ‎
    Facilitators of acceptability and usability
    • Perceived usefulness
      • ‎
    • Social support (ie, technical support guidance)
      • ‎
    • Time to practice to gain familiarity
      • ‎
    • Multiple options to access information
      • ‎
    • Perceived usefulness
      • ‎
    • Social support (ie, assistance from family, caregivers, and health care providers)
      • ‎
    • Time to practice to gain familiarity
      • ‎
    • Multiple options to access information
      • ‎
    Barriers to Acceptability and Usability

    Barriers to acceptability and usability conveyed by OTs included the need for more information regarding the scope of home modification services provided by referrals listed in the directory:

    I guess I can go in and click online but if it had just a little list of some of the things that they do from their information page so I can quickly decide if it fits.
    [Occupational therapist 2]

    Barriers experienced by older adults included high cognitive load presented by the prototype’s user interface. For example, older adults commented that the presence of a map accompanying search results added unnecessary complexity:

    I don’t mind the map being there but I don’t see the reason for the map being there...I think the map is fine, I just, it’s kind of distracting because I’m looking for something on the map when I could have just gone over here [to the other side of the screen].
    [Older adult 1]

    To reduce cognitive load, older adults also pointed to the need to reduce jargon and use terminology that resonates with consumer needs and services they would seek:

    Definitely the services, you know, you have to phrase them in such a way that it’s something like – “Oh yeah, I think that’s something I need.”
    [Older adult 5]

    The majority of older adults pointed to their lack of experience using mobile devices and apps as a barrier. They emphasized their limited skills to operate mobile apps in general, difficulty defining an efficient search strategy to search the directory, and needing more instruction on how to use the app initially:

    If I had [a mobile device] that I could just get all to myself and maybe have some kind of booklet that I could read to learn, you know. Some instruction, you know.
    [Older adult 4]

    Older adults also suggested the need for design changes to increasingly accommodate age-related sensory changes, for example, increasing font size to accommodate decreased near visual acuity:

    The writing was too little. I usually have to increase the size of the screen. This is too little for me.
    [Older adult 3]
    Facilitators of Acceptability and Usability

    Most OTs and older adults perceived the mobile app to be useful as a facilitator of acceptability and usability:

    Yeah, like right now, I feel like some of those referrals, we never were making them. Like we can tell patients to follow up on them or we’ll tell case management and they’ll try to get some of that set up for the discharge process, but I think because of the lack of knowledge of where to send them, sometimes those people might unintentionally fall through the cracks, so this would be a really nice tool for them to easily access where they could send them or increase their accessibility to that information to potentially help for discharge.
    [Occupational therapist 5]
    The information that I was looking for was clear in order to get to where I wanted to be, you know. So, I found the occupational therapist and that’s what I needed, and I found it, you know. And the contact was right there, all I had to do was call.
    [Older adult 2]

    Both OTs and older adults cited social support and time to practice to gain familiarity with the app as effective means to enhance acceptability and usability. For example, OTs stated that social support in the form of additional technical support would be useful:

    I think the “Help” section should be like “I’m stuck what do I do?” Tech stuff like “I’m stuck, I can’t find what I’m looking for,” or maybe adding in there like what if my internet connection isn’t working. I mean you assume that they would have some idea of how to use the tablet, but those are the things I would include for the user maybe things less about OT and more about how to use the app or troubleshooting like to turn on your “location services” on your tablet or phone so that way you have a way to fix the problem if there’s some technical problem.
    [Occupational therapist 2]

    In contrast, older adults stated that social support from another person (eg, family member, caregiver, or health care professional) would be beneficial:

    I would have to have a teacher, you know...then each day, I could practice what I learned from my instruction.
    [Older adult 4]

    Finally, both OTs and older adults suggested that multiple options to access information (eg, on a mobile device or a computer) would facilitate acceptability and usability. OTs specifically stated that having options to access information on either a mobile device or a computer would increase use by offering flexibility to accommodate diverse clinical environments and workflows:

    We do have iPads at our disposal but I don’t know if it’s something that can also be done – I more often have my laptop than my iPad so I don’t know if it’s something that could be accessible through both.
    [Occupational therapist 5]

    In contrast, older adults stated that accessing the directory on a website with a computer mouse and keyboard would help facilitate usage because of the greater ease of navigation using a mouse compared with the touch screen:

    You need a mouse real bad...the touch screen thing I just don’t like it.
    [Older adult 3]

    Principal Findings

    The principal findings of this study are the development of a centralized database of OTs who provide home modifications that is accessible as a mobile app, Home Maddirs, and preliminary evidence to suggest that the mobile app is acceptable and usable to OTs. OTs who participated in the study worked in a wide range of clinical practice settings and generally perceived the app to be easy to use and useful for increasing access to referral information. Mobile health (mHealth) apps are increasingly being used by health care providers to improve clinical workflow efficiency and as novel interventions to improve diverse health outcomes for patients [47-49]. Previous studies have explored the acceptability and usability of mHealth apps for OTs to facilitate clinical decision making for assistive equipment provision, movement activities for children with disabilities, and wheelchair training [50-52]. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to develop and preliminarily evaluate an mHealth solution for increasing access to occupational therapy services related to home modifications.

    Usability testing further suggested that the mobile app may be acceptable and usable to some older adults but that considerable variation exists among older adults’ perceptions. Although some older adults found the mobile app easy to use, others perceived it to be difficult to use, which appeared to be influenced by the older adult’s prior experience and comfort with using mobile apps. Previous studies have shown promising results demonstrating the acceptability of mHealth interventions among community-dwelling older adults [48,53]. Acceptability and usability of mHealth interventions, however, are attenuated by older adults’ prior experience using mobile apps, which influences their self-efficacy toward using mobile apps [54,55]. Qualitative themes arising from our interviews of older adults are consistent with the literature that suggests older adults, particularly those with less experience using mobile apps, would benefit from social support from caregivers and health care professionals to promote adoption and engagement with mHealth interventions [54,56,57]. Qualitative themes from this study further suggest that having multiple options to access referral information, such as on a desktop computer’s internet browser, in addition to the current mobile app platform, would increase the utilization of referral information by both older adults and clinicians based on individual preferences for using either interface during daily living or work routines. The choice to develop a progressive Web app that is delivered through the Web (which Home Maddirs is) may thus be an attractive option for other mHealth interventions to flexibly allow for dissemination simultaneously on mobile devices and internet browsers accessed on desktop computers.

    When performing representative tasks using the mobile app, older adults, on average, perceived tasks to be more difficult, made more errors, encountered more diverse types of errors, and were less accurate and efficient compared with OTs. These observations point to the need for design improvements to better accommodate age-related changes; these include cognitive changes, such as decreased information processing speed and working memory capacity among older adults, and sensory changes, such as decreased near visual acuity and efficiency of visual information processing [58-61]. These results may also be partially explained by the lack of a requirement for participants to self-report comfort or competency with using mobile apps as part of the inclusion criteria for usability testing. The authors chose to embrace an ecological perspective by including older adults with less experience using mobile apps to increase the likelihood of uncovering usability problems that would be encountered in the general population of older adults, who, on average, have less experience using mobile apps compared with younger age groups [62].

    Limitations

    The limitations of the study included a small sample size and lack of objective health screening that resulted in the recruitment of a nonrepresentative sample of OTs and community-dwelling older adults. Females and individuals with a minimum of a high school education were overrepresented in the sample. Furthermore, older adult participants self-reported no health concerns that would impair their ability to use mobile apps, but this self-report may have been inaccurate, and the results will not generalize to older adults with more significant health or functional impairments. Consequently, results can be used to provide insights to make iterative improvements to the app but should be interpreted with caution, as they are not likely to be reliable and generalizable to the entire population under study.

    Other limitations included the use of a single coder to qualitatively code transcripts of audio recordings of usability test sessions. A minimum of two coders is suggested to improve veracity and trustworthiness of themes yielded from content coding analyses [41,43]. The decision to use a single coder was chosen because a primarily objective of this preliminary usability evaluation was to obtain insights to make improvements to the app. Future studies should use two coders to improve the strength of confidence in qualitative findings.

    All usability testing sessions were conducted in a naturalistic setting, instead of a standardized laboratory environment. This may have reduced internal validity through the influence of differences in uncontrolled environmental variables within each unique testing environment. We attempted to standardize parts of the testing environment by having participants test the app on the same mobile tablet device running on the same wireless internet hotspot. The choice to conduct usability test sessions in a naturalistic environment was chosen because of the nature of target users groups being busy working clinicians or older adults, the latter of whom may lack reliable transportation or the physical capacity for travel.

    Conclusions

    Home Maddirs is a promising new mobile directory tool to help increase older adults’ access to OTs who provide home modifications. This study provides preliminary evidence that the mobile app is acceptable and usable to OTs. The results of this study will be used to make improvements to the app, including design changes to accommodate age-related cognitive and sensory changes and to increasingly tailor views of information by audience (ie, consumer vs health care professional). Older adults’ perceptions of acceptability and usability of the mobile app varied considerably. To improve older adults’ access to the mobile directory information, caregivers, health care professionals, and social service coordinators should seek to provide social support, and multiple ways to access information should be made available for older adults who lack experience using mobile apps.

    A working prototype of the mobile app is freely available online for public use [63]. Future work will seek to better understand the acceptability and usability of Home Maddirs for key stakeholder groups, including a broader, more representative sample of older adults, caregivers, social service coordinators, and interdisciplinary members of older adults’ health care teams. Future studies are further needed to explore the clinical utility of the mobile app, including comparisons between the use of the mobile app with other methods of accessing this information, optimum integration of its usage into clinical workflows, and evaluation of its impact on timely access to home modifications for older adults.

    Acknowledgments

    AN received financial support for predoctoral training from a National Science Foundation Innovation Corps Sites Program Award from the Missouri University of Science and Technology and a Spencer T and Ann W Olin Fellowship from the Washington University in St Louis. The authors would like to thank Tiffany Dill, Kelly Monroy, and members of the HMOTA for their assistance in identifying OTs for inclusion in the mobile directory. The authors would also like to thank the older adults and OTs who participated in the study for their time to provide valuable feedback.

    Authors' Contributions

    AN conducted usability tests, performed data and statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    AN developed the initial prototype of the mobile app under the supervision of the authors ES, ST, MK, and SS.

    1. Hennessy S, Kurichi JE, Pan Q, Streim JE, Bogner HR, Xie D, et al. Disability stage is an independent risk factor for mortality in medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. Phys Med Rehabil 2015 Dec;7(12):1215-1225 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Hajek A, Brettschneider C, Lange C, Posselt T, Wiese B, Steinmann S, AgeCoDe Study Group. Longitudinal predictors of institutionalization in old age. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0144203 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Feng Z, Lugtenberg M, Franse C, Fang X, Hu S, Jin C, et al. Risk factors and protective factors associated with incident or increase of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0178383 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Vermeulen J, Neyens JC, van Rossum E, Spreeuwenberg MD, de Witte LP. Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2011 Jul 1;11:33 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. He W, Larsen LJ. Census Bureau. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2014. Older Americans With a Disability: 2008−2012   URL: https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/acs/acs-29.pdf [accessed 2020-01-31]
    6. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Aging Stats. Washington, DC: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics; 2016. Older Americans 2016: Key Indicators of Well-Being   URL: https://agingstats.gov/docs/LatestReport/Older-Americans-2016-Key-Indicators-of-WellBeing.pdf [accessed 2020-01-31]
    7. US Administration on Aging. ACL Administration for Community Living. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2018 Apr. 2017 Profile of Older Americans   URL: https:/​/acl.​gov/​sites/​default/​files/​Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/​2017OlderAmericansProfile.​pdf [accessed 2020-01-31]
    8. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2017. Older Adults Prevention Objectives   URL: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/older-adults/objectives [accessed 2020-01-31]
    9. Stark S, Keglovits M, Arbesman M, Lieberman D. Effect of home modification interventions on the participation of community-dwelling adults with health conditions: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther 2017;71(2):7102290010p1-710229001p11. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Pighills AC, Torgerson DJ, Sheldon TA, Drummond AE, Bland JM. Environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011 Jan;59(1):26-33. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Stark S, Landsbaum A, Palmer JL, Somerville EK, Morris JC. Client-centred home modifications improve daily activity performance of older adults. Can J Occup Ther 2009 Jul;76:235-245 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Petersson I, Kottorp A, Bergström J, Lilja M. Longitudinal changes in everyday life after home modifications for people aging with disabilities. Scand J Occup Ther 2009 May;16(2):78-87. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Sep 12(9):CD007146. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Chase CA, Mann K, Wasek S, Arbesman M. Systematic review of the effect of home modification and fall prevention programs on falls and the performance of community-dwelling older adults. Am J Occup Ther 2012;66(3):284-291. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Szanton SL, Leff B, Wolff JL, Roberts L, Gitlin LN. Home-based care program reduces disability and promotes aging in place. Health Aff (Millwood) 2016 Sep 1;35(9):1558-1563. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Petersson I, Lilja M, Hammel J, Kottorp A. Impact of home modification services on ability in everyday life for people ageing with disabilities. J Rehabil Med 2008 Apr;40(4):253-260 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Stark S, Somerville E, Keglovits M, Conte J, Li M, Hu Y, et al. Protocol for the home hazards removal program (HARP) study: a pragmatic, randomized clinical trial and implementation study. BMC Geriatr 2017 Apr 20;17(1):90 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Somerville E, Smallfield S, Stark S, Seibert C, Arbesman M, Lieberman D. Occupational therapy home modification assessment and intervention. Am J Occup Ther 2016;70(5):7005395010p1-7005395010p3. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Pynoos J. The future of housing for the elderly: four strategies that can make a difference. Public Policy Aging Rep 2018;28(1):35-38. [CrossRef]
    20. HUD USER. Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2013. Aging in Place: Facilitating Choice and Independence   URL: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/fall13/highlight1.html [accessed 2020-01-31]
    21. HUD USER. Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2017. Housing for Seniors: Challenges and Solutions   URL: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer17/highlight1.html [accessed 2020-01-31]
    22. Renda M, Lape JE. Feasibility and effectiveness of telehealth occupational therapy home modification interventions. Int J Telerehabil 2018;10(1):3-14 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. New PW, Jolley DJ, Cameron PA, Olver JH, Stoelwinder JU. A prospective multicentre study of barriers to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Med J Aust 2013 Feb 4;198(2):104-108. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. Nygård L, Grahn U, Rudenhammar A, Hydling S. Reflecting on practice: are home visits prior to discharge worthwhile in geriatric inpatient care? Scand J Caring Sci 2004 Jun;18(2):193-203. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    25. University of Southern California. USC Home Modification. The National Directory of Home Modification and Repair Resources   URL: https://homemods.org/national-directory/ [accessed 2020-01-31]
    26. US Administration on Aging. Eldercare Locator.   URL: https://eldercare.acl.gov/ [accessed 2020-01-31]
    27. Siegler AJ, Wirtz S, Weber S, Sullivan PS. Developing a web-based geolocated directory of hiv pre-exposure prophylaxis-providing clinics: The prep locator protocol and operating procedures. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017 Sep 6;3(3):e58 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Stark SL, Somerville E, Keglovits M, Smason A, Bigham K. Clinical reasoning guideline for home modification interventions. Am J Occup Ther 2015;69(2):6902290030p1-6902290030p8. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. Siebert C, Smallfield S, Stark S. Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Home Modifications. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press; 2014.
    30. Johnson CM, Johnson TR, Zhang J. A user-centered framework for redesigning health care interfaces. J Biomed Inform 2005 Feb;38(1):75-87 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Borycki E, Kushniruk A, Nohr C, Takeda H, Kuwata S, Carvalho C, et al. Usability methods for ensuring health information technology safety: evidence-based approaches. Contribution of The IMIA Working Group Health Informatics for Patient Safety. Yearb Med Inform 2013;8:20-27. [Medline]
    32. Ericsson KA, Simon HA. Verbal reports as data. Psychol Rev 1980;87(3):215-251. [CrossRef]
    33. Romano BJ, Olmsted-Hawala E. Think-Aloud Protocols: Does Age Make a Difference? In: Proceedings of the 59th Society for Technical Communication Summit. 2012 Presented at: STC'12; May 20-23, 2012; Chicago, IL.
    34. Olmsted-Hawala E, Murphy E, Hawala S, Ashenfelter K. Think-Aloud Protocols: A Comparison of Three Think-Aloud Protocols for Use in Testing Data-Dissemination Web Sites for Usability. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2010 Presented at: CHI'10; April 25 - 30, 2020; Atlanta, GA p. 2381-2390. [CrossRef]
    35. Lewis J, Erdinc O. User Experience Rating Scales With 7, 11, or 101 Points: Does It Matter? J Usability Studies 2017;12(2):73-91 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]
    36. Bangor A, Kortum PT, Miller JT. An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 2008;24(6):574-594. [CrossRef]
    37. Bangor A, Kortum P, Miller J. Determining what individual SUS scores mean: adding an adjective rating scale. J Usability Stud 2009;4(3):114-123 [FREE Full text]
    38. Cho J, Park D, Lee HE. Cognitive factors of using health apps: systematic analysis of relationships among health consciousness, health information orientation, eHealth literacy, and health app use efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2014 May 9;16(5):e125 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    39. Rosen LD, Whaling K, Carrier LM, Cheever NA, Rokkum J. The media and technology usage and attitudes scale: an empirical investigation. Comput Human Behav 2013 Nov 1;29(6):2501-2511 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    40. Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter; 1967.
    41. Kolb SM. Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: valid research strategies for educators. J Emerg Trends Educ Res Policy Stud 2012;3(1):83-86 [FREE Full text]
    42. Strauss AL, Corbin J. Grounded theory methodology. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, editors. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994.
    43. Boeije H. A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Qual Quant 2002;36(4):391-409. [CrossRef]
    44. Charmaz K. Constructionism and the grounded theory method. In: Holstein J, Gubrium J, editors. Handbook of constructionist research. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008:397-412.
    45. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care 2007 Dec;19(6):349-357. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    46. O'Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med 2014 Sep;89(9):1245-1251 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    47. Silva BM, Rodrigues JJ, de la Torre Díez I, López-Coronado M, Saleem K. Mobile-health: a review of current state in 2015. J Biomed Inform 2015 Aug;56:265-272 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    48. Fischer SH, David D, Crotty BH, Dierks M, Safran C. Acceptance and use of health information technology by community-dwelling elders. Int J Med Inform 2014 Sep;83(9):624-635 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    49. Kampmeijer R, Pavlova M, Tambor M, Golinowska S, Groot W. The use of e-health and m-health tools in health promotion and primary prevention among older adults: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 2016 Sep 5;16(Suppl 5):290 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    50. Levac D, Dumas HM, Meleis W. A tablet-based interactive movement tool for pediatric rehabilitation: development and preliminary usability evaluation. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2018 Nov 26;5(2):e10307 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    51. Giesbrecht EM, Miller WC, Jin BT, Mitchell IM, Eng JJ. Rehab on wheels: a pilot study of tablet-based wheelchair training for older adults. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2015 Apr 30;2(1):e3 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    52. Hamm J, Money AG, Atwal A, Ghinea G. Mobile three-dimensional visualisation technologies for clinician-led fall prevention assessments. Health Informatics J 2019 Sep;25(3):788-810 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    53. Thompson HJ, Demiris G, Rue T, Shatil E, Wilamowska K, Zaslavsky O, et al. A Holistic approach to assess older adults' wellness using e-health technologies. Telemed J E Health 2011 Dec;17(10):794-800 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    54. Golant SM. A theoretical model to explain the smart technology adoption behaviors of elder consumers (Elderadopt). J Aging Stud 2017 Aug;42:56-73. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    55. Deng Z, Mo X, Liu S. Comparison of the middle-aged and older users' adoption of mobile health services in China. Int J Med Inform 2014 Mar;83(3):210-224. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    56. Peek ST, Wouters EJ, van Hoof J, Luijkx KG, Boeije HR, Vrijhoef HJ. Factors influencing acceptance of technology for aging in place: a systematic review. Int J Med Inform 2014 Apr;83(4):235-248 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    57. Peeters JM, de Veer AJ, van der Hoek L, Francke AL. Factors influencing the adoption of home telecare by elderly or chronically ill people: a national survey. J Clin Nurs 2012 Nov;21(21-22):3183-3193. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    58. Chai WJ, Abd Hamid AI, Abdullah JM. Working memory from the psychological and neurosciences perspectives: a review. Front Psychol 2018;9:401 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    59. Park DC, Festini SB. Theories of memory and aging: a look at the past and a glimpse of the future. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017 Jan;72(1):82-90 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    60. Saftari LN, Kwon O. Ageing vision and falls: a review. J Physiol Anthropol 2018 Apr 23;37(1):11 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    61. Baweja HS, Kwon M, Onushko T, Wright DL, Corcos DM, Christou EA. Processing of visual information compromises the ability of older adults to control novel fine motor tasks. Exp Brain Res 2015 Dec;233(12):3475-3488. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    62. Kontos E, Blake KD, Chou WS, Prestin A. Predictors of eHealth usage: insights on the digital divide from the Health Information National Trends Survey 2012. J Med Internet Res 2014 Jul 16;16(7):e172 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    63. Nguyen A. Home Maddirs - Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals.   URL: https://homemaddirs.com/ [accessed 2020-02-04]

    ‎
    ADL: activity of daily living
    HMOTA: Home Modification Occupational Therapy Alliance
    Home Maddirs: Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals
    IRB: institutional review board
    mHealth: mobile health
    OT: occupational therapist
    SUS: System Usability Scale

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 02.05.19; peer-reviewed by Z Deng, M Stein, I de la Torre; comments to author 29.09.19; revised version received 21.11.19; accepted 22.01.20; published 30.03.20

    Copyright

    ©An Thi Nguyen, Emily Kling Somerville, Sandra Martina Espín-Tello, Marian Keglovits, Susan Lynn Stark. Originally published in JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology (http://rehab.jmir.org), 30.03.2020.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://rehab.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.