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Effect of Uncertainty-Aware AI Models on Pharmacists’ Reaction Time and Decision-Making in a Web-Based Mock Medication Verification Task: Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of Uncertainty-Aware AI Models on Pharmacists’ Reaction Time and Decision-Making in a Web-Based Mock Medication Verification Task: Randomized Controlled Trial

The development of our AI tool using user-centered design principles is described in a study by Zheng et al [23]. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of black-box and uncertainty-aware AI advice on pharmacist decision-making and reaction time. We previously developed 2 AI conditions to assist pharmacists with making decisions when dispensing medications. The “black-box” condition does not provide the user with insight into the AI’s certainty or predicted probability of a correct decision.

Corey Lester, Brigid Rowell, Yifan Zheng, Zoe Co, Vincent Marshall, Jin Yong Kim, Qiyuan Chen, Raed Kontar, X Jessie Yang

JMIR Med Inform 2025;13:e64902